Colon cancer, also known as colorectal carcinoma, is the most common type of gastro intestinal cancer, and is the 3rd most common cancer worldwide. The incidence of new cases & mortality from colon cancer has been decreased over the past few years, possibly related to the increase in cancer screening, & better treatment modalities. Colon cancer affects both sexes equally.
Colon cancer has a multifactorial etiology. Meaning that several factors together contribute to the pathogenesis. These factors include genetic factors; Environmental factors, mainly the diet; And inflammatory conditions affecting the gastro intestinal tract. Genetics plays a major role in colon cancer. Family history of colon cancer carries a higher risk of developing the condition. Two most common inherited colon cancer syndromes include; Familial adenomatous polyposis; And Lynch syndrome. However, it is important to note that apart from these syndromes, there are many other genetic mutations can lead to the development of colon cancer.
Environmental factors related to the development of colon cancer include the following. High consumption of red meat, organ meat, and animal fat. Low fiber diet. Low intake of fruits & vegetables. High alcohol consumption. And high fructose corn syrup.
Primary inflammatory condition associated with colon cancer is inflammatory bowel disease, which has 2 entities, Ulcerative colitis; And crohn’s disease. Other risk factors for colon cancer include the following. Smoking. Inappropriate use of antibiotics. Obesity & metabolic syndrome. Diabetes. And poorly controlled acromegaly disease.
Now let’s see some common signs & symptoms of colon cancer. Because of increased emphasis on screening practices, colon cancer is now often detected before it starts to cause symptoms. However, in more advanced cases, patient may experience following clinical features. Iron deficiency anemia due to chronic blood loss. Rectal bleeding. Abdominal mass. Intestinal obstruction.
Changes in bowel habits, such as constipation, or diarrhea; And loss of appetite. In addition, there may be a palpable mass in the abdomen. Patient may also have hepatomegaly, or enlargement of the liver; And fluid build up in the peritoneal cavity, also known as ascites.

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