A furuncle, commonly known as a boil, is a deep bacterial infection of the hair follicles.
The process often begins with the entry of bacteria, commonly Staphylococcus aureus, into a hair follicle.
This can occur through small breaks in the skin or around the hair shaft.
Then the bacteria colonize the hair follicle, where they multiply and begin to invade the surrounding tissue, which triggers an inflammatory response.
White blood cells, especially neutrophils, macrophages migrate to the site of infection and release various cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species, and enzymes to kill the bacteria.
This leads to increased blood flow and the characteristic redness and warmth of the infected area.
The accumulation of dead bacteria, dead and living white blood cells, and cellular debris forms pus, which collects in the center of the furuncle.
Sometimes, multiple furuncles fuse together to form larger structures called carbuncles.
Eventually, the furuncle may rupture, either spontaneously or due to external pressure.
This allows the pus to drain out, often providing relief from pain.
After drainage, the furuncle typically heals on its own within a week or two, leaving behind a small scar in some cases.
Treatment for furuncles usually involves applying warm compresses to the affected area to encourage drainage and alleviate pain.
In some cases, incision and drainage of pus may be required, especially if it is large or does not respond to conservative treatment.
If the infection is severe with signs of systemic involvement such as fever, oral antibiotics may be required.
Preventive measures for furuncles include practicing good hygiene, keeping the skin clean and dry, avoiding sharing personal items like towels or razors, and promptly treating any cuts or wounds to prevent bacterial entry.

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